Boston refers to this historic building as the "Old State House since it is the older of 2 buildings. The "New State House" was built in 1797 (only in Boston would a building over 200 years old be referred as "New").
This is one of my favorite spots in Boston. The Declaration of Independence was read to the the public on July 18, 1776. Each 4th of July, the tradition of reading the Declaration of Independence is renewed.
Directly infront of the balcony is the site of the Boston Massacre where 5 colonists were killed by British soldiers. The term "massacre" was used by Paul Revere and Sam Adams to fan the flames toward independence from Mother England.
Although my favorite story is that this great building began to decay over the years, and plans were made to demolish the building (ca. 1870). A Historical society in Chicago learned of Bostons plans to demolish this historic building and made an offer to purchase the building and ship it "brick-by-brick" to Chicago where it can stand as a symbol of the American Revolution. It wasn't until the offer was made that Boston realized that they "loved" this building, and there was no way they could part with it.
So the building was saved for another 130+ years and counting.